Reflex | Timeline | Description | Response |
Spontaneous Stepping | Birth to 1-2 months | While supporting the infant in the standing position with your hands under their arms and around the chest and their feet touching the surface, incline the child forward and gently move them forward to accompany any stepping. | Child will make alternating, rhythmical and coordinated stepping movements. |
Rooting Reflex | Birth to 3-4 months | While child is lying on back with head in the middle and hands on the chest, use finger to stroke from the corner of the mouth out towards the check, upper lip and lower lip. | Stimulation of corners of mouth will result in a directed head turning toward the stimulated side. Stimulation of upper lip causes mouth to open and head to tilt backward. Stimulation of lower lip cause mouth to open and head to tilt forward. Infant tries to suck the finger. |
Sucking Reflex | Birth to 3-4 months | While child is lying on back with head in the middle and hands on chest, place a finger or nipple in infant’s mouth. | Will result in rhythmical sucking movements. |
Palmar Grasp | Birth to 3-4 months | While infant is lying on back with head in middle and hands free, place your index finger into the hands of the infant from the pinky finger side and gently press the palm surface. | Infant’s fingers flex (grasp) around your index finger. |
Gross Motor Milestones for your Toddler...24-36 months

Here's a list of gross motor milestones for toddlers, aged 24-36 months:
Walking/Moving
* Imitates standing on one foot for 3 seconds
* Walks backwards
* Jumps down from 16" high step and jumps 18-24" forward
* Runs with greater speed, avoids or stops at obstacles
* Rides Tricycle
* Walks on tiptoes a few steps
* Begins to hop on one foot
* Begins to pedal a tricycle
Stairs
* Walks up stairs with one foot on each step without a railing
* Walks down stairs with one or both feet on each step without a railing
Ball Skills
* Catches large 12 inch ball progressing to smaller 8 inch ball
* Throws tennis ball overhand or underhand 8-10 feet forward
If have questions about your child's development or are concerned, a pediatric physical therapist can assist you and provide more information. Please feel free to contact Child and Family Development at (704) 541-9080.
Who are the Educational Specialists at Child and Family Development?
Who are the Educational Specialists at Child and Family Development?
Established in 1980, Child and Family Development has been serving the needs of children and their families in Charlotte. Our pediatric therapy team has over 400 years of combined clinical experience, with expertise and additional certifications in many diagnostic areas.
Our Educational Specialists are trained to evaluate and treat the underlying causes of learning difficulties. Learning concerns may involve specific disorders of reading, writing, and mathematics or problems with attention, organization and study skills.
All of the Educational Specialists at C&FD have advanced graduate degrees in the field of Special Education. They help students understand their learning style, strengthen underlying processing weaknesses and develop strategies for school success.
Educational Specialists offer the following services to maximize growth and development:
- Developmental Screenings and School Readiness Assessments for children 3-5 years of age to help parents plan for the most appropriate learning environment for their child.
- Comprehensive Educational Evaluations to identify a child’s learning strengths and weaknesses
- School Consultations to present a child’s learning strengths and weaknesses to the school to provide the ground work for developing a team approach to meeting the child’s school needs and establishing informed parent advocacy.
- Treatment of Learning Disorders in Reading, Mathematics, Written Expression, Literacy Readiness, Handwriting, Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, and Phonological Processing Delays through an Individual Educational Treatment Plan
- Support for children and adolescents with learning concerns including Study Skills, Homework Strategies, Time Management, Test Taking Strategies through individual treatment as well as intensive small group session available if needed
Impact of Proprioceptive Hyposensitivity on Me as a Child
As a child with proprioceptive hyposensitivity in the classroom, when I had to sit all day without any proprioceptive input that I needed, I began to feel uncomfortable and stressed. This was distracting and gave me a lot of anxiety in school and social situations.
You might think I could have gotten this need satisfied in gym class or on the playground, but think about the other sensitivities I’ve described to you. I’m visually and tactilely over-stimulated and these are very strong motivators for me to avoid physical activities. Different people will have different levels of sensitivity. For me, the visual and tactile hypersensitivities are stronger than the proprioceptive needs that I have. This meant that I would not easily get the proprioceptive input that I needed. This resulted in me feeling clumsier and more awkward than my peers.
Ultimately I was left feeling uncomfortable in my own skin most of the time. I had to think a lot about how to move my body appropriately to participate in activities. I had to learn to accept and cope with overwhelming sensory inputs because I didn’t know how to make them feel more manageable.
I love PT-based Karate and so do the clients!
I have offered a Physical Therapy-based Karate group for many years at Child and Family Development in Charlotte. Last year, I was thrilled to grow this special program with the help of Black Belt Instructor, Riaan Van Scalkwyck.
We have a number of regular groups and here is feedback from one family about their experience:
My son has high-functioning autism and began karate six months ago. At the first class he was only able to stand in the doorway covering his ears and eyes from the voices of others. He certainly fit the physical requirements for needing physical therapy, notably a lack of coordination, weak tone and upper body strength, etc. He is too uncoordinated and too distracted to even run. Amy and Sensei have shown such patience and encouragement with him as he tried to overcome his own issues in order to participate. I was very surprised to see that he was able to learn physical sequences, which are actually his favorite part! He has progressed so much that now he participates in the middle of the room, tolerates the shouting of karate commands as well as the cheering and encouragement. Most of all, he is proud of the fact that he is becoming strong, and that he gets to wear the Gi.
The day he was awarded his yellow belt was a special one! I would never have thought he would be able to do more than 35 jumping jacks in 30 seconds, many push ups and other physical tasks. I am incredibly proud of him, but he is proud of himself. He looks forward to karate each week and now he enjoys actually competing with the other boys to see who can get the best score. It's been a blessing for me as a parent to see him accomplish things I didn't imagine he could, and to see the pride in accomplishment he has in himself, to see him do stuff typical boys do, to push himself physically and have so much fun. It has been a life lesson for him, as well, that when he works through things like loud noises and strangers and fatigue, he can accomplish great things! Socially, physically, emotionally it has been a gift to him! I'm so thankful to Amy and Sensei for their patience and commitment to our boys. As a parent, it touches me that others rejoice and appreciate the accomplishments of my child. They see the character, sincerity, effort, etiquette, self control in our boys, which most people cannot, or do not bother to see. We love karate!
-Mother of a 12 year old boy with autism
Contact me to learn more by email (asturkey@childandfamilydevelopment.com) or phone (704.332.4834 ext 114).
TEAM C&FD: February 2012
February 2012 is an important month for
this member of the pediatric therapy team
at Child and Family Development:
· Melinda Bumgardner, Speech-Language Pathologist – 1 year
Melinda joined the team in 2011, but it seems like she’s been part of the team for much longer. While she’s practiced in the Charlotte community for about 13 years, C&FD gives her the ability to collaborate directly with other professionals and be holistic in her approach. She was accustomed to treating along with Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, this has been her first opportunity to work closely with Psychology and Education practitioners. She enjoys using our blog to share information and suggestions with the public. She completed Hanen training a few months ago and is hoping to offer parents groups this year. Melinda stays busy outside of the office too and is teaching a Junior Roller Derby class starting this month.
You are an important part of our mission- to provide comprehensive, quality and integrated services to children and families.
Happy C&FD Anniversary!
Speaking with a New Perspective

What I find interesting about these observations is that I can relate them to the children I see for therapy. I have been talking for a long time and know the placements for all of the speech sounds; however, this is not the case for kids. It has reminded me how just the smallest differences in the positioning on the jaw, lips, and tongue can have a big impact on how a sound is produced. I am able to compensate easily, but children who have difficulty making certain sounds, will find this much more challenging. When I do talk faster, I am getting more "whats?" which results in me slowing down and repeating what I said again. Children with speak production issues often have to say the same things multiple times and still may not be understood. It definitely can be frustrating!
When I decided to get braces for my teeth again, I had no idea that it would give me this little insight. Just something to remind me that speaking is not always easy, especially for children that have oral motor difficulties and/or problems with their sound production. It makes me happy that I am a speech therapist and am able to help make communication easier for children!
Looking for pediatric therapy services near Lancaster?
Looking for pediatric therapy services near Lancaster
Child and Family Development has an office in
Our multi-disciplinary clinic has been helping children and families since 1980. The team of experienced therapists can assess and treat a wide range of childhood concerns, including autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other learning disabilities or special needs.
We participate in many insurance plans. Also, some of our Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy providers accept South Carolina Medicaid.
The Contact Us tab on our website will link you to our address and Mapquest.
Tactile Seeking Behaviors
Signs that your child might be seeking touch input, can include:

- irritating others because the child touches objects or people often
- is unaware when someone touches them on the arm or back
- prefers to be barefoot and avoids wearing shoes
- doesn't appear to notice when hands or face are messy
- decreased pain or temperature awareness
- unusual need to touch certain textures, surfaces, or toys
Parents are often aware that their child demonstrates some sensory activities that may stand out from the crowd. As an occupational therapist, it is my goal to intervene when children begin to demonstrate difficulty with everyday tasks or demonstrate delayed development. If you are curious about whether or not your child would benefit from an occupational therapy evaluation, call Child and Family Development to schedule a free phone call with a pediatric therapist to address your concerns.
Welcome Michelle Ferguson, Speech Therapist
WELCOME Michelle Ferguson, M.A., CCC-SLPMichelle has been a Charlotte community colleague for a number of years and joins the Child and Family Development team today.
She brings more than twelve years of clinical experience that spans work in public school, hopsital and clinic settings. Her special areas of experise include autism spectrum disorders, pre-linguistic communication, early language development and cognition.
Her training was completed at Appalachian State University (Master's degree) and the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill (Baccalaureate degree).
Michelle is based at the Midtown office.
Therapeutic Listening
I recently attended an online webinar on Therapeutic Listening: Listening with the Whole Body. Therapeutic Listening is a sensory integration intervention for children with sensory processing disorders, attention challenges, and motor planning issues. It is specifically designed to address auditory sensitivities; however, because of the anatomy of the inner ear, sound is able to affect both hearing and the vestibular systems simultaneously. This affects hearing, sound localization, and the awareness of where our bodies are in space. Awareness of timing and where our bodies are in space are essential for motor planning and praxis skills. The signals are transported from the ear and processed through the nervous system, creating integration with additional systems that influence coordination of movement, attention, sleep/wake cycles, bowel/bladder control, emotional regulation, and feeding. It was an excellent course that explained the anatomy and use of this exciting tool. I am looking forward to incorporating it into my personal practice and educating parents on the possible benefits of this program.
For more information on Therpeutic Listening, visit Vital Links at http://vitallinks.net/pages/What-is-Therapeutic-Listening-Movie.php
looking for pediatric therapy services near Union County, SC?
Looking for pediatric therapy services near Union CountyChild and Family Development has an office in
Our multi-disciplinary clinic has been helping children and families since 1980. Services include Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy, Child Psychology and Educational Support. The team of experienced therapists can assess and treat a wide range of childhood concerns, including autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other learning disabilities or special needs.
We participate in many insurance plans. Also, some of our Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy providers accept South Carolina Medicaid.
The Contact Us tab on our website will link you to our address and Mapquest.
How Sensory Inputs Can Impact the Proprioceptive System
First, what is the proprioceptive system? In every joint in your body is a sensor to tell your brain what position that joint is in. These sensors are stimulated as you change your position and as you move throughout the day.
I am hyposensitive to proprioceptive input. I was a child who sought proprioceptive inputs. As a child I was happier to be hugged tightly instead of lightly. I was sometimes too rough when playing with toys or other kids, and I frequently felt clumsy. I was often told to be more gentle, more quiet too now that I think about it, and had to learn to grade my movements. Grading your movements means to touch items with appropriate pressure and be able to modify that pressure appropriately, or to adjust your movements to be appropriate in size for the task at hand.
I was the child in my family who my mom referred to as “strong like bull” because I would always do heavy work like throwing bales of hay or moving furniture from one end of the house up two flights of stairs to the far end of the attic. These chores were a form of heavy work and when I wasn’t required to do them for a while I found myself seeking, and satisfying, that need for input by rearranging my bedroom furniture.
Don't Take Our Word For It!
Here’s what some parents had to say about Child and Family Development this week...
· We appreciate the accessibility of Gretchen Hunter, Child Psychologist, Martha Knight, Educational Therapist, and Amy Sturkey, Physical Therapist, since our interpretive conference. They have all been so helpful and available to meet our needs.
· We adore Amy Sturkey, Physical Therapist and Ellen Bruce, Occupational Therapist. They have been worth our 3-hour road trip each week for the past three years.
Thanks for the feedback!
Kati Berlin completes ASD and Therapeutic Listening trainings
One member of the Child and Family Development pediatric therapy team has been on the go over the last month! Kati Berlin, Occupational Therapist, completed two training courses in Charlotte:
- Developing Daily Modulation Plans & Activities Using the Autism/Sensory Survival Kit for Children & Adolescents
- Therapeutic Listening
Kati was able to immediately incorporate new information from both courses into her therapy sessions.
Looking for pediatric therapy services near Rock Hill?
Looking for pediatric therapy services near
Child and Family Development has an office in South Charlotte that is less than 5 miles from the border and easily accessible from I-77 and the 485 loop.
Our multi-disciplinary clinic has been helping children and families since 1980. The team of experienced therapists can assess and treat a wide range of childhood concerns, including autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other learning disabilities or special needs.
We participate in many insurance plans. Also, some of our Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy providers accept South Carolina Medicaid.
The Contact Us tab on our website will link you to our address and Mapquest.
SOS Feeding Groups at C&FD
For a long time, therapists at Child and Family Development have helped children and adolescents with feeding difficulties or swallowing problems.
Now, we are starting a new service: Feeding Groups using the Sequential Oral Sensory (SOS) Approach.
This approach, developed by Kay Toomey, Ph.D., targets feeding, oral motor and sensory skills. This program teaches differences and similarities between foods, helps kids learn to appreciate a variety of tastes and textures through exploration and play.
Two tenured therapists have advanced training and expertise:
- Barb Hartshorn, MS, CCC-SLP, Speech Therapist, has over 20 years of experience
- Marion Wilm, OTR/L, C/NDT, Occupational Therapist, has over 25 years of experience
This play-based approach is for those picky eaters who have a limited diet, are upset by the sight of certain foods or who dislike getting their hands and face messy during meals.
Before entering a group, a comprehensive evaluation is completed and individualized intervention goals are established. Then, the fun begins!
At each session, the clinicians provide the parents with specific feeding techniques for home mealtimes. These targeted skills must be reinforced daily for improvement to occur.
This group will practice positive, practical and social aspects of eating.
The feeding groups will occur on Fridays at the South Charlotte clinic for 12 consecutive weeks. Times will be based on participant availability.
A family may pay privately or use insurance.
Ready to get started?
- Call
Marion: 704-541-9080 ext. 206
Marion: mwilm@childandfamilydevelopment.com
- Visit
- Schedule
Oral or Food Sensitivities: Picky Eaters

Some signs of oral sensitivities can include:
- gagging easily when food or utensils are in or near the mouth
- avoiding food smells or tastes that are a typical part of other children's diets
- eating foods of one or few tastes/ temperatures/ textures
- being considered a "picky eater"
If you are concerned about your child's diet, nutrition and eating, consider a formal evaluation with an occupational therapist, a speech therapist and/or a dietitian at Child and Family Development. Members of our pediatric therapy team have special training and expertise.
more family feedback about the C&FD Karate Group
I have offered a Physical Therapy-based Karate group for many years at Child and Family Development in Charlotte. Last year, I was thrilled to grow this special program with the help of Black Belt Instructor, Riaan Van Scalkwyck.
We have a number of regular groups and here is more family feedback about their experiences:
●My prayers have been answered in such a marvelous way. The Karate Program has been instrumental in my son's life by increasing positive character traits. Each Wednesday, because my son knows that he will attend the Karate Program, there is an exuberant sparkle in his eyes. He has always kept his room clean, but because of his increased independence, he asks to vacuum his room and other rooms in the house on this special day! Prior to the Program, negative characteristics existed such as anxiety, fear, nervousness, frustration, and a lack of focus. Currently, the positive character fruit produced within my son is patience, improved body strength, courage, confidence, increased maturity, increased independence, increased responsibility, and joy. I am thankful to God for Amy, Sensei Riaan and for the Karate Program. The love and compassion given to my son weekly is more than any parent could imagine. This Program has exceeded my expectations. It is a blessing. It is a gift from God.”-Mother of a 16-year-old boy diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome
For over a year now, our son, who is on the autistic spectrum, has been attending a weekly karate class under the direction and tutelage of Sensei Riaan. He has never been in a structured group setting like this, and he is thriving more and more after each session. His confidence level has increased because he feels successful, and is able to be with and keep up with his peers. We have noticed significant improvement in his balance, motor skills, and coordination, as well as his social and play skills. One of the particularly commendable aspects of this program is the way it is organized with each child having an outside support person to work along with him and help and guide him, as necessary. I highly recommend this class to everyone; especially our special people who need extra love and support! -Parent of a Karate Group Participant
Contact me to learn more by email (asturkey@childandfamilydevelopment.com) or phone (704.332.4834 ext 114).
Long Term Impact of Tactile Hypersensitivity: An Adult Perspective
As an adult with tactile hypersensitivity I have never bought sheets or towels without feeling them first. I buy my clothes online from very few stores and very hesitantly at that since I can’t feel them first. In fact, the only store I shop for clothes at online, my mother bought clothes from first so I happened to know what they would probably feel like in advance. When my husband and I go to home décor stores I touch all of the towels, throw pillows, and blankets. It is not at all uncommon for me to find the softest throw pillow or stuffed animal in the store and carry it around for our entire shopping trip. Thankfully, my husband tolerates this as long as I don’t expect to buy these things.
I’m very particular about the items that touch my skin. I can’t fall asleep if the sheets on the bed are crooked because if there is more blanket hanging off one side of the bed (and me) than the other then I can feel the unevenness in the weight of it. I’m picky about our furniture, our floor and window coverings. Most of the textured items in our home are bought with the feel of them being the primary concern, even above what it looks like.